还在为复杂的数据列表展示而头疼吗？每次需要显示表格数据时都要重新造轮子？作为WinForms开发中的核心控件，ListView不仅能优雅地处理各种列表展示需求，更是构建专业用户界面的基石。

许多C#开发者在使用ListView时往往停留在基础应用层面，错失了它的强大功能。本文将从实战角度出发，带你深度掌握ListView的高级特性，让你的应用界面瞬间专业起来！

🎯 ListView核心能力解析

📊 五种视图模式全攻略

ListView提供了5种灵活的显示模式，每种都有其独特的应用场景：

• LargeIcon：适合文件管理器、图片库等场景
• SmallIcon：适合紧凑型列表显示
• List：经典的垂直列表布局
• Details：表格形式，企业应用首选
• Tile：现代化的磁贴显示

💡 实战技巧1：快速构建专业ListView

很多开发者不知道如何通过代码高效创建ListView。以下是经过实战验证的最佳实践：

C#
namespace AppBasicListView
{
    public partial class Form1 : Form
    {
        private ListView listView;
        private ContextMenuStrip contextMenu;
        public Form1()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
            InitializeListView();
            LoadSampleData();
            SetupEvents();
        }
        private void InitializeListView()
        {
            listView = new ListView
            {
                Bounds = new Rectangle(new Point(10, 10), new Size(600, 400)),
                View = View.Details,          // 使用表格视图
                LabelEdit = true,             // 允许编辑标签
                MultiSelect = false,          // 单选模式
                GridLines = true,             // 显示网格线
                Sorting = SortOrder.Ascending,// 自动排序
                FullRowSelect = true,         // 整行选择
                CheckBoxes = false,           // 根据需要启用复选框
                HeaderStyle = ColumnHeaderStyle.Clickable, // 可点击列头排序
                HideSelection = false,        // 失去焦点时保持选择状态
                ShowItemToolTips = true       // 显示工具提示
            };

            // 添加列
            SetupColumns();

            // 创建右键菜单
            SetupContextMenu();

            this.Controls.Add(listView);
        }

        private void SetupColumns()
        {
            // 添加列定义
            listView.Columns.Add("ID", 60, HorizontalAlignment.Center);
            listView.Columns.Add("姓名", 120, HorizontalAlignment.Left);
            listView.Columns.Add("部门", 100, HorizontalAlignment.Left);
            listView.Columns.Add("职位", 120, HorizontalAlignment.Left);
            listView.Columns.Add("入职日期", 100, HorizontalAlignment.Center);
            listView.Columns.Add("薪资", 80, HorizontalAlignment.Right);
        }

        private void SetupContextMenu()
        {
            contextMenu = new ContextMenuStrip();

            var addItem = new ToolStripMenuItem("添加员工", null, AddEmployee_Click);
            var editItem = new ToolStripMenuItem("编辑员工", null, EditEmployee_Click);
            var deleteItem = new ToolStripMenuItem("删除员工", null, DeleteEmployee_Click);
            var refreshItem = new ToolStripMenuItem("刷新", null, RefreshData_Click);

            contextMenu.Items.AddRange(new ToolStripItem[] {
            addItem, editItem, deleteItem,
            new ToolStripSeparator(), refreshItem
        });

            listView.ContextMenuStrip = contextMenu;
        }

        private void LoadSampleData()
        {
            // 示例数据
            var employees = new[]
            {
            new { ID = 1, Name = "张三", Dept = "开发部", Position = "高级工程师", HireDate = "2020-01-15", Salary = 12000 },
            new { ID = 2, Name = "李四", Dept = "测试部", Position = "测试工程师", HireDate = "2021-03-20", Salary = 8000 },
            new { ID = 3, Name = "王五", Dept = "产品部", Position = "产品经理", HireDate = "2019-08-10", Salary = 15000 },
            new { ID = 4, Name = "赵六", Dept = "设计部", Position = "UI设计师", HireDate = "2022-02-01", Salary = 9000 },
            new { ID = 5, Name = "钱七", Dept = "开发部", Position = "架构师", HireDate = "2018-05-12", Salary = 18000 }
        };

            listView.Items.Clear();

            foreach (var emp in employees)
            {
                var item = new ListViewItem(emp.ID.ToString())
                {
                    Tag = emp.ID, // 存储ID用于后续操作
                    UseItemStyleForSubItems = false
                };

                item.SubItems.Add(emp.Name);
                item.SubItems.Add(emp.Dept);
                item.SubItems.Add(emp.Position);
                item.SubItems.Add(emp.HireDate);

                // 薪资列设置颜色
                var salarySubItem = item.SubItems.Add($"￥{emp.Salary:N0}");
                if (emp.Salary >= 15000)
                {
                    salarySubItem.ForeColor = Color.Red;
                    salarySubItem.BackColor = Color.LightYellow;
                }
                else if (emp.Salary >= 10000)
                {
                    salarySubItem.ForeColor = Color.Blue;
                }

                listView.Items.Add(item);
            }
        }

        private void SetupEvents()
        {
            // 双击编辑
            listView.DoubleClick += ListView_DoubleClick;

            // 键盘事件
            listView.KeyDown += ListView_KeyDown;

            // 选择改变事件
            listView.SelectedIndexChanged += ListView_SelectedIndexChanged;

            // 列头点击排序
            listView.ColumnClick += ListView_ColumnClick;

            // 标签编辑事件
            listView.BeforeLabelEdit += ListView_BeforeLabelEdit;
            listView.AfterLabelEdit += ListView_AfterLabelEdit;

            // 右键菜单打开前检查
            contextMenu.Opening += ContextMenu_Opening;
        }

        #region 事件处理方法

        private void ListView_DoubleClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            if (listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0)
            {
                EditEmployee();
            }
        }

        private void ListView_KeyDown(object sender, KeyEventArgs e)
        {
            switch (e.KeyCode)
            {
                case Keys.Delete:
                    DeleteEmployee();
                    break;
                case Keys.F2:
                    if (listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0)
                        listView.SelectedItems[0].BeginEdit();
                    break;
                case Keys.F5:
                    LoadSampleData();
                    break;
            }
        }

        private void ListView_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            // 可以在这里更新状态栏或其他UI元素
            if (listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0)
            {
                var item = listView.SelectedItems[0];
                this.Text = $"选中员工: {item.SubItems[1].Text} - {item.SubItems[2].Text}";
            }
            else
            {
                this.Text = "员工管理系统";
            }
        }

        private void ListView_ColumnClick(object sender, ColumnClickEventArgs e)
        {
            // 简单的列排序实现
            listView.ListViewItemSorter = new ListViewColumnSorter(e.Column);
            listView.Sort();
        }

        private void ListView_BeforeLabelEdit(object sender, LabelEditEventArgs e)
        {
            // 可以在这里控制哪些项目可以编辑
            // e.CancelEdit = true; // 取消编辑
        }

        private void ListView_AfterLabelEdit(object sender, LabelEditEventArgs e)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(e.Label))
            {
                e.CancelEdit = true;
                MessageBox.Show("员工ID不能为空!", "输入错误", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Warning);
            }
        }

        private void ContextMenu_Opening(object sender, System.ComponentModel.CancelEventArgs e)
        {
            // 根据选择状态启用/禁用菜单项
            bool hasSelection = listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0;
            contextMenu.Items[1].Enabled = hasSelection; // 编辑
            contextMenu.Items[2].Enabled = hasSelection; // 删除
        }

        #endregion

        #region 右键菜单事件

        private void AddEmployee_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            // 添加新员工的逻辑
            MessageBox.Show("添加员工功能", "功能演示");
        }

        private void EditEmployee_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            EditEmployee();
        }

        private void DeleteEmployee_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            DeleteEmployee();
        }

        private void RefreshData_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            LoadSampleData();
            MessageBox.Show("数据已刷新!", "提示", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
        }

        #endregion

        #region 业务方法

        private void EditEmployee()
        {
            if (listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0)
            {
                var item = listView.SelectedItems[0];
                var employeeName = item.SubItems[1].Text;
                MessageBox.Show($"编辑员工: {employeeName}", "功能演示");
            }
        }

        private void DeleteEmployee()
        {
            if (listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0)
            {
                var item = listView.SelectedItems[0];
                var employeeName = item.SubItems[1].Text;

                var result = MessageBox.Show($"确定要删除员工 '{employeeName}' 吗?",
                    "确认删除", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo, MessageBoxIcon.Question);

                if (result == DialogResult.Yes)
                {
                    listView.Items.Remove(item);
                    MessageBox.Show("员工已删除!", "操作成功", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
                }
            }
        }

        #endregion
    }

    // 列排序器类
    public class ListViewColumnSorter : System.Collections.IComparer
    {
        private int columnIndex;
        private SortOrder sortOrder;

        public ListViewColumnSorter(int column)
        {
            columnIndex = column;
            sortOrder = SortOrder.Ascending;
        }

        public int Compare(object x, object y)
        {
            ListViewItem itemX = x as ListViewItem;
            ListViewItem itemY = y as ListViewItem;

            string textX = itemX.SubItems[columnIndex].Text;
            string textY = itemY.SubItems[columnIndex].Text;

            int result;

            // 尝试数字比较
            if (decimal.TryParse(textX.Replace("￥", "").Replace(",", ""), out decimal numX) &&
                decimal.TryParse(textY.Replace("￥", "").Replace(",", ""), out decimal numY))
            {
                result = numX.CompareTo(numY);
            }
            else
            {
                result = string.Compare(textX, textY);
            }

            return sortOrder == SortOrder.Ascending ? result : -result;
        }
    }
}

💎 实战要点：

• 优先使用Details视图，用户体验最佳
• FullRowSelect=true 能显著提升用户操作便利性
• GridLines在数据密集场景下必不可少

🔥 实战技巧2：动态添加列和数据

传统做法往往代码冗长，这里提供一个高效的封装方案：

C#
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace AppBasicListView
{
    public partial class Form2 : Form
    {
        private ListView listView;
        private Button btnAdd;
        private Button btnDelete;
        private Button btnEdit;
        private TextBox txtSearch;
        public Form2()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
            this.Size = new Size(800, 600);
            this.Text = "ListView完整示例";
            this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

            // 创建ListView
            listView = new ListView()
            {
                Dock = DockStyle.Fill,
                View = View.Details,
                FullRowSelect = true,
                GridLines = true,
                MultiSelect = false,
                AllowColumnReorder = true,
                HeaderStyle = ColumnHeaderStyle.Clickable
            };

            // 创建工具栏
            var toolPanel = new Panel()
            {
                Height = 40,
                Dock = DockStyle.Top,
                Padding = new Padding(5)
            };

            btnAdd = new Button()
            {
                Text = "添加",
                Size = new Size(80, 30),
                Location = new Point(5, 5)
            };

            btnEdit = new Button()
            {
                Text = "编辑",
                Size = new Size(80, 30),
                Location = new Point(90, 5)
            };

            btnDelete = new Button()
            {
                Text = "删除",
                Size = new Size(80, 30),
                Location = new Point(175, 5)
            };

            txtSearch = new TextBox()
            {
                Size = new Size(200, 25),
                Location = new Point(280, 7),
                PlaceholderText = "输入关键字搜索..."
            };

            // 添加控件到面板
            toolPanel.Controls.AddRange(new Control[] { btnAdd, btnEdit, btnDelete, txtSearch });

            // 添加到窗体
            this.Controls.Add(listView);
            this.Controls.Add(toolPanel);

            // 绑定事件
            BindEvents();
            SetupListView();
            AddColumnsAndItems();
        }

 

        private void SetupListView()
        {
            // 启用双缓冲，减少闪烁
            typeof(ListView).GetProperty("DoubleBuffered",
                System.Reflection.BindingFlags.NonPublic |
                System.Reflection.BindingFlags.Instance)
                ?.SetValue(listView, true);

            // 设置ListView样式
            listView.BackColor = Color.White;
            listView.ForeColor = Color.Black;
            listView.Font = new Font("Microsoft YaHei", 9F);

            // 启用排序功能
            listView.ListViewItemSorter = new ListViewItemComparer(0);
        }

        private void AddColumnsAndItems()
        {
            // 批量添加列定义
            var columns = new[]
            {
            new { Name = "ID", Width = 80, Align = HorizontalAlignment.Center, Tag = "string" },
            new { Name = "Name", Width = 150, Align = HorizontalAlignment.Left, Tag = "string" },
            new { Name = "Description", Width = 250, Align = HorizontalAlignment.Left, Tag = "string" },
            new { Name = "CreateTime", Width = 150, Align = HorizontalAlignment.Center, Tag = "datetime" },
            new { Name = "Status", Width = 100, Align = HorizontalAlignment.Center, Tag = "string" }
        };

            // 清空现有列
            listView.Columns.Clear();

            foreach (var col in columns)
            {
                var column = listView.Columns.Add(col.Name, col.Width, col.Align);
                column.Tag = col.Tag; // 用于排序时判断数据类型
            }

            // 创建示例数据
            var items = new[]
            {
            CreateListViewItem("001", "用户管理", "系统用户管理模块", DateTime.Now.AddDays(-5), "启用"),
            CreateListViewItem("002", "权限控制", "角色权限管理功能", DateTime.Now.AddDays(-3), "启用"),
            CreateListViewItem("003", "数据备份", "定期数据备份服务", DateTime.Now.AddDays(-1), "禁用"),
            CreateListViewItem("004", "日志管理", "系统操作日志记录", DateTime.Now, "启用"),
            CreateListViewItem("005", "报表统计", "业务数据统计分析", DateTime.Now.AddDays(-7), "维护中")
        };

            // 批量添加项目
            listView.BeginUpdate(); // 开始批量更新，提高性能
            listView.Items.Clear();
            listView.Items.AddRange(items);
            listView.EndUpdate(); // 结束批量更新

            // 自动调整列宽
            AutoResizeColumns();
        }

        private ListViewItem CreateListViewItem(string id, string name, string desc, DateTime createTime, string status)
        {
            var item = new ListViewItem(id);
            item.SubItems.Add(name);
            item.SubItems.Add(desc);
            item.SubItems.Add(createTime.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm"));
            item.SubItems.Add(status);

            // 根据状态设置颜色
            switch (status)
            {
                case "启用":
                    item.ForeColor = Color.Green;
                    break;
                case "禁用":
                    item.ForeColor = Color.Red;
                    break;
                case "维护中":
                    item.ForeColor = Color.Orange;
                    break;
            }

            // 存储完整数据到Tag中，便于后续操作
            item.Tag = new ItemData
            {
                ID = id,
                Name = name,
                Description = desc,
                CreateTime = createTime,
                Status = status
            };

            return item;
        }

        private void AutoResizeColumns()
        {
            // 自动调整列宽
            foreach (ColumnHeader column in listView.Columns)
            {
                column.AutoResize(ColumnHeaderAutoResizeStyle.ColumnContent);
                column.AutoResize(ColumnHeaderAutoResizeStyle.HeaderSize);
            }
        }

        private void BindEvents()
        {
            // 按钮事件
            btnAdd.Click += BtnAdd_Click;
            btnEdit.Click += BtnEdit_Click;
            btnDelete.Click += BtnDelete_Click;

            // 搜索框事件
            txtSearch.TextChanged += TxtSearch_TextChanged;

            // ListView事件
            listView.ColumnClick += ListView_ColumnClick;
            listView.SelectedIndexChanged += ListView_SelectedIndexChanged;
            listView.DoubleClick += ListView_DoubleClick;
            listView.KeyDown += ListView_KeyDown;

            // 右键菜单
            SetupContextMenu();
        }

        private void SetupContextMenu()
        {
            var contextMenu = new ContextMenuStrip();
            contextMenu.Items.Add("编辑", null, (s, e) => EditSelectedItem());
            contextMenu.Items.Add("删除", null, (s, e) => DeleteSelectedItem());
            contextMenu.Items.Add(new ToolStripSeparator());
            contextMenu.Items.Add("刷新", null, (s, e) => RefreshData());

            listView.ContextMenuStrip = contextMenu;
        }

        #region 事件处理

        private void BtnAdd_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            // 添加新项目的逻辑
            var newId = (listView.Items.Count + 1).ToString("000");
            var newItem = CreateListViewItem(newId, "新项目", "新建的项目", DateTime.Now, "启用");

            listView.Items.Add(newItem);
            newItem.Selected = true;
            newItem.EnsureVisible();
        }

        private void BtnEdit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            EditSelectedItem();
        }

        private void BtnDelete_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            DeleteSelectedItem();
        }

        private void TxtSearch_TextChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            FilterItems(txtSearch.Text);
        }

        private void ListView_ColumnClick(object sender, ColumnClickEventArgs e)
        {
            // 列点击排序
            var sorter = listView.ListViewItemSorter as ListViewItemComparer;
            if (sorter != null)
            {
                if (sorter.Column == e.Column)
                {
                    sorter.Order = sorter.Order == SortOrder.Ascending ?
                        SortOrder.Descending : SortOrder.Ascending;
                }
                else
                {
                    sorter.Column = e.Column;
                    sorter.Order = SortOrder.Ascending;
                }
                listView.Sort();
            }
        }

        private void ListView_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            // 更新按钮状态
            bool hasSelection = listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0;
            btnEdit.Enabled = hasSelection;
            btnDelete.Enabled = hasSelection;
        }

        private void ListView_DoubleClick(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            if (listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0)
            {
                EditSelectedItem();
            }
        }

        private void ListView_KeyDown(object sender, KeyEventArgs e)
        {
            if (e.KeyCode == Keys.Delete)
            {
                DeleteSelectedItem();
            }
            else if (e.KeyCode == Keys.F5)
            {
                RefreshData();
            }
        }

        #endregion

        #region 辅助方法

        private void EditSelectedItem()
        {
            if (listView.SelectedItems.Count == 0) return;

            var selectedItem = listView.SelectedItems[0];
            var itemData = selectedItem.Tag as ItemData;

            // 这里可以打开编辑对话框
            MessageBox.Show($"编辑项目: {itemData?.Name}", "编辑",
                MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
        }

        private void DeleteSelectedItem()
        {
            if (listView.SelectedItems.Count == 0) return;

            var result = MessageBox.Show("确定要删除选中的项目吗？", "确认删除",
                MessageBoxButtons.YesNo, MessageBoxIcon.Question);

            if (result == DialogResult.Yes)
            {
                foreach (ListViewItem item in listView.SelectedItems)
                {
                    listView.Items.Remove(item);
                }
            }
        }

        private void FilterItems(string searchText)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(searchText))
            {
                // 显示所有项目
                foreach (ListViewItem item in listView.Items)
                {
                    item.Tag = ((ItemData)item.Tag); // 保持原有Tag
                }
                return;
            }

            // 简单的文本过滤
            listView.BeginUpdate();

            foreach (ListViewItem item in listView.Items)
            {
                bool isMatch = item.SubItems.Cast<ListViewItem.ListViewSubItem>()
                    .Any(subItem => subItem.Text.Contains(searchText, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));

                // 这里可以实现隐藏/显示逻辑
                // 由于ListView没有直接的隐藏功能，要不就重建Items集合
            }

            listView.EndUpdate();
        }

        private void RefreshData()
        {
            // 刷新数据
            AddColumnsAndItems();
        }

        #endregion
    }

    // 数据模型
    public class ItemData
    {
        public string ID { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Description { get; set; }
        public DateTime CreateTime { get; set; }
        public string Status { get; set; }
    }

    // ListView排序比较器
    public class ListViewItemComparer : System.Collections.IComparer
    {
        public int Column { get; set; }
        public SortOrder Order { get; set; } = SortOrder.Ascending;

        public ListViewItemComparer(int column)
        {
            Column = column;
        }

        public int Compare(object x, object y)
        {
            var item1 = x as ListViewItem;
            var item2 = y as ListViewItem;

            if (item1 == null || item2 == null) return 0;

            string text1 = item1.SubItems[Column].Text;
            string text2 = item2.SubItems[Column].Text;

            int result = 0;

            // 根据列类型进行不同的比较
            var column = item1.ListView.Columns[Column];
            if (column.Tag?.ToString() == "datetime")
            {
                if (DateTime.TryParse(text1, out DateTime date1) &&
                    DateTime.TryParse(text2, out DateTime date2))
                {
                    result = DateTime.Compare(date1, date2);
                }
            }
            else if (int.TryParse(text1, out int num1) && int.TryParse(text2, out int num2))
            {
                result = num1.CompareTo(num2);
            }
            else
            {
                result = string.Compare(text1, text2, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
            }

            return Order == SortOrder.Descending ? -result : result;
        }
    }
}

⚠️ 避坑指南：

• Width设置为-2可自动调整列宽
• 批量添加比逐个添加性能更优

⚡ 实战技巧3：智能事件处理

用户交互是ListView的核心价值，以下是企业级事件处理方案：

C#
private void SetupEventHandlers()
{
    // 选择变化事件
    listView.ItemSelectionChanged += (sender, e) =>
    {
        if (e.IsSelected)
        {
            var selectedItem = e.Item;
            // 获取选中项的详细信息
            var id = selectedItem.Text;
            var name = selectedItem.SubItems[1].Text;
            
            UpdateDetailsPanel(id, name);
        }
    };
    
    // 双击事件处理
    listView.ItemActivate += (sender, e) =>
    {
        if (listView.SelectedItems.Count > 0)
        {
            var item = listView.SelectedItems[0];
            EditItem(item);
        }
    };
}

private void UpdateDetailsPanel(string id, string name)
{
    // 更新详情面板的逻辑
    lblDetails.Text = $"当前选中：{name} (ID: {id})";
}

🎨 实战技巧4：自定义排序器

默认排序往往无法满足业务需求，自定义排序器是进阶必备技能：

C#
public class SmartListViewComparer : IComparer
{
    private int columnIndex;
    private SortOrder sortOrder;
    
    public SmartListViewComparer(int column, SortOrder order = SortOrder.Ascending)
    {
        columnIndex = column;
        sortOrder = order;
    }
    
    public int Compare(object x, object y)
    {
        var itemX = (ListViewItem)x;
        var itemY = (ListViewItem)y;
        
        var textX = itemX.SubItems[columnIndex].Text;
        var textY = itemY.SubItems[columnIndex].Text;
        
        // 智能比较：数字按数值比较，文本按字母比较
        int result = 0;
        if (int.TryParse(textX, out int numX) && int.TryParse(textY, out int numY))
        {
            result = numX.CompareTo(numY);
        }
        else
        {
            result = string.Compare(textX, textY, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        }
        
        return sortOrder == SortOrder.Ascending ? result : -result;
    }
}

// 应用自定义排序
listView.ListViewItemSorter = new SmartListViewComparer(0);

⚡ 实战技巧5：虚拟模式性能优化

处理大数据量时，虚拟模式是性能救星：

C#
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace AppBasicListView
{
    public partial class Form3 : Form
    {
        private ListView listView;
        private Label statusLabel;
        private Button loadDataButton;
        private Button clearButton;
        private TextBox searchTextBox;
        private Button searchButton;
        private ProgressBar progressBar;

        private List<DataModel> virtualData = new List<DataModel>();
        private List<DataModel> filteredData = new List<DataModel>();
        private bool isFiltered = false;
        public Form3()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
            InitializeControls();

        }
        private void InitializeControls()
        {
            this.Size = new Size(900, 650);
            this.Text = "WinForm 虚拟模式大数据演示";
            this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.CenterScreen;

            // 创建控件
            CreateControls();
            EnableVirtualMode();
        }

        private void CreateControls()
        {
            // 顶部控制面板
            var topPanel = new Panel
            {
                Dock = DockStyle.Top,
                Height = 80,
                Padding = new Padding(10)
            };

            loadDataButton = new Button
            {
                Text = "加载大数据集 (10万条)",
                Size = new Size(150, 30),
                Location = new Point(10, 10)
            };
            loadDataButton.Click += LoadDataButton_Click;

            clearButton = new Button
            {
                Text = "清空数据",
                Size = new Size(80, 30),
                Location = new Point(170, 10)
            };
            clearButton.Click += ClearButton_Click;

            // 搜索功能
            var searchLabel = new Label
            {
                Text = "搜索:",
                Size = new Size(40, 30),
                Location = new Point(270, 15),
                TextAlign = ContentAlignment.MiddleLeft
            };

            searchTextBox = new TextBox
            {
                Size = new Size(120, 25),
                Location = new Point(315, 12)
            };
            searchTextBox.KeyPress += SearchTextBox_KeyPress;

            searchButton = new Button
            {
                Text = "搜索",
                Size = new Size(60, 25),
                Location = new Point(445, 12)
            };
            searchButton.Click += SearchButton_Click;

            var resetSearchButton = new Button
            {
                Text = "重置",
                Size = new Size(60, 25),
                Location = new Point(515, 12)
            };
            resetSearchButton.Click += ResetSearchButton_Click;

            // 进度条
            progressBar = new ProgressBar
            {
                Size = new Size(200, 20),
                Location = new Point(10, 45),
                Visible = false
            };

            // 状态标签
            statusLabel = new Label
            {
                Text = "就绪 - 点击\"加载大数据集\"开始演示",
                Size = new Size(400, 20),
                Location = new Point(220, 47),
                ForeColor = Color.Blue
            };

            topPanel.Controls.AddRange(new Control[]
            {
                loadDataButton, clearButton, searchLabel, searchTextBox,
                searchButton, resetSearchButton, progressBar, statusLabel
            });

            // ListView 设置
            listView = new ListView
            {
                Dock = DockStyle.Fill,
                View = View.Details,
                FullRowSelect = true,
                GridLines = true,
                VirtualMode = false // 初始状态
            };

            // 添加列
            listView.Columns.Add("ID", 80, HorizontalAlignment.Right);
            listView.Columns.Add("名称", 200, HorizontalAlignment.Left);
            listView.Columns.Add("描述", 300, HorizontalAlignment.Left);
            listView.Columns.Add("创建时间", 150, HorizontalAlignment.Left);
            listView.Columns.Add("状态", 100, HorizontalAlignment.Center);

            this.Controls.Add(listView);
            this.Controls.Add(topPanel);
        }

        private void EnableVirtualMode()
        {
            listView.VirtualMode = true;
            listView.VirtualListSize = 0;

            // 虚拟项检索事件
            listView.RetrieveVirtualItem += ListView_RetrieveVirtualItem;

            // 搜索虚拟项事件（用于查找功能）
            listView.SearchForVirtualItem += ListView_SearchForVirtualItem;

            // 缓存虚拟项事件（性能优化）
            listView.CacheVirtualItems += ListView_CacheVirtualItems;
        }

        private void ListView_RetrieveVirtualItem(object sender, RetrieveVirtualItemEventArgs e)
        {
            try
            {
                var dataSource = isFiltered ? filteredData : virtualData;

                if (e.ItemIndex >= 0 && e.ItemIndex < dataSource.Count)
                {
                    var data = dataSource[e.ItemIndex];
                    var item = new ListViewItem(data.Id.ToString());
                    item.SubItems.Add(data.Name);
                    item.SubItems.Add(data.Description);
                    item.SubItems.Add(data.CreatedTime.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"));
                    item.SubItems.Add(data.Status);

                    // 根据状态设置颜色
                    if (data.Status == "活跃")
                        item.BackColor = Color.LightGreen;
                    else if (data.Status == "警告")
                        item.BackColor = Color.LightYellow;
                    else if (data.Status == "错误")
                        item.BackColor = Color.LightCoral;

                    item.Tag = data; // 保存数据引用
                    e.Item = item;
                }
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                // 异常处理
                var errorItem = new ListViewItem("ERROR");
                errorItem.SubItems.Add(ex.Message);
                e.Item = errorItem;
            }
        }

        private void ListView_SearchForVirtualItem(object sender, SearchForVirtualItemEventArgs e)
        {
            var dataSource = isFiltered ? filteredData : virtualData;

            for (int i = e.StartIndex; i < dataSource.Count; i++)
            {
                if (dataSource[i].Name.StartsWith(e.Text, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                {
                    e.Index = i;
                    return;
                }
            }
            e.Index = -1; // 未找到
        }

        private void ListView_CacheVirtualItems(object sender, CacheVirtualItemsEventArgs e)
        {
            // 这里可以实现数据预缓存逻辑，提高性能
            // 例如：预加载 e.StartIndex 到 e.EndIndex 范围的数据
            statusLabel.Text = $"缓存项目: {e.StartIndex} - {e.EndIndex}";
        }

        private async void LoadDataButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            loadDataButton.Enabled = false;
            progressBar.Visible = true;
            progressBar.Value = 0;

            var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
            statusLabel.Text = "正在生成大数据集...";

            try
            {
                // 使用后台任务生成数据
                await Task.Run(() => InitializeLargeDataSet());

                stopwatch.Stop();

                // 更新虚拟列表大小
                listView.VirtualListSize = virtualData.Count;

                statusLabel.Text = $"✅ 成功加载 {virtualData.Count:N0} 条记录，耗时: {stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds} 毫秒";
                statusLabel.ForeColor = Color.Green;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                statusLabel.Text = $"❌ 加载失败: {ex.Message}";
                statusLabel.ForeColor = Color.Red;
            }
            finally
            {
                loadDataButton.Enabled = true;
                progressBar.Visible = false;
            }
        }

        private void InitializeLargeDataSet()
        {
            virtualData.Clear();
            var random = new Random();
            var statuses = new[] { "活跃", "非活跃", "警告", "错误" };
            var baseTime = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-365);

            // 生成10万条测试数据
            for (int i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
            {
                virtualData.Add(new DataModel
                {
                    Id = i + 1,
                    Name = $"数据项目 {i + 1:D6}",
                    Description = $"这是第 {i + 1} 个数据项的详细描述信息",
                    CreatedTime = baseTime.AddMinutes(random.Next(0, 525600)), // 随机时间
                    Status = statuses[random.Next(statuses.Length)]
                });

                // 更新进度（每1000条更新一次，避免UI卡顿）
                if (i % 1000 == 0)
                {
                    var progress = (int)((double)i / 100000 * 100);
                    this.Invoke(new Action(() =>
                    {
                        progressBar.Value = progress;
                        statusLabel.Text = $"正在生成数据... {i + 1:N0} / 100,000";
                    }));
                }
            }
        }

        private void ClearButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            virtualData.Clear();
            filteredData.Clear();
            isFiltered = false;
            listView.VirtualListSize = 0;
            searchTextBox.Clear();

            statusLabel.Text = "数据已清空";
            statusLabel.ForeColor = Color.Blue;
        }

        private void SearchButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            PerformSearch();
        }

        private void SearchTextBox_KeyPress(object sender, KeyPressEventArgs e)
        {
            if (e.KeyChar == (char)Keys.Enter)
            {
                PerformSearch();
                e.Handled = true;
            }
        }

        private void PerformSearch()
        {
            var searchText = searchTextBox.Text.Trim();

            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(searchText))
            {
                ResetSearch();
                return;
            }

            var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
            statusLabel.Text = "正在搜索...";

            // 执行搜索（这里演示简单的名称搜索）
            filteredData = virtualData.Where(x =>
                x.Name.IndexOf(searchText, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) >= 0 ||
                x.Description.IndexOf(searchText, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) >= 0)
                .ToList();

            isFiltered = true;
            listView.VirtualListSize = filteredData.Count;

            stopwatch.Stop();
            statusLabel.Text = $"🔍 找到 {filteredData.Count:N0} 条匹配记录，耗时: {stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds} 毫秒";
            statusLabel.ForeColor = Color.DarkGreen;
        }

        private void ResetSearchButton_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            ResetSearch();
        }

        private void ResetSearch()
        {
            searchTextBox.Clear();
            filteredData.Clear();
            isFiltered = false;
            listView.VirtualListSize = virtualData.Count;

            statusLabel.Text = $"显示全部 {virtualData.Count:N0} 条记录";
            statusLabel.ForeColor = Color.Blue;
        }
    }

    // 数据模型
    public class DataModel
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Description { get; set; }
        public DateTime CreatedTime { get; set; }
        public string Status { get; set; }
    }
}

🚀 性能提升：虚拟模式可将大数据集的加载时间从秒级降至毫秒级！

🎯 总结与实战建议

通过本文的深度剖析，我们掌握了ListView的三个核心要点：

1. 灵活配置：合理选择视图模式和属性配置，打造专业界面
2. 高效数据处理：掌握批量操作和虚拟模式，提升应用性能
3. 智能交互设计：通过事件处理和自定义排序，优化用户体验

ListView不仅仅是一个简单的列表控件，它是构建企业级WinForms应用的重要基石。掌握这些进阶技巧，你的C#开发技能将更上一层楼！

---

💬 互动讨论：

你在ListView开发中遇到过哪些性能瓶颈？在虚拟模式和自定义绘制方面有什么实战经验？欢迎在评论区分享你的见解！

🔖 收藏建议：建议将本文中的代码模板保存到你的代码库中，特别是虚拟模式和自定义排序器的实现，这些都是实际项目中的高频需求。

觉得内容对你有帮助？点赞+转发给更多C#开发同行，让大家一起提升技术水平！

#C#开发 #WinForms #ListView #编程技巧 #性能优化